The origin of the Sumerians is not known, but the people of Sumer referred to themselves as "Black Headed Ones" or "Black-Headed People" ( 𒊕 𒈪, saĝ-gíg, lit. 'country' + 'lords' + 'noble') as seen in their inscriptions. The Sumerians themselves referred to their land as Kengir, the 'Country of the noble lords' ( 𒆠 𒂗 𒄀, k-en-gi(-r), lit. The term "Sumer" ( Sumerian: 𒅴𒄀 eme-gi or 𒅴𒂠 eme-ĝir 15, Akkadian: 𒋗𒈨𒊒 šumeru) is the name given to the language spoken by the "Sumerians", the ancient non- Semitic-speaking inhabitants of southern Mesopotamia, by their successors the East Semitic-speaking Akkadians.
The first is the pictographic character for "head" (, later ), the second the character for "night", and for "black" when pronounced gíg (, later ). Right: cuneiform characters for Saĝ-gíg ( 𒊕 𒈪), "Black Headed Ones", the native designation for the Sumerians. Left: Sculpture of the head of Sumerian ruler Gudea, c. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus from which enabled them to form urban settlements. It is also one of the first civilizations in the world, along with ancient Egypt, Elam, the Caral-Supe civilization, the Indus Valley civilization, the Minoan civilization, and ancient China. Sumer ( /ˈsuːmər/) is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.
The coastline was nearly reaching Ur in ancient times. General location on a modern map, and main cities of Sumer with ancient coastline.
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